Assessment Tools and Their Uses
This Chapter briefly describes different types of assessment tools and procedures that organizations commonly use to conduct personnel assessment. Included are techniques such as employment interviews and reference checks, as well as various types of professionally developed assessment instruments. It also includes a discussion of the use of medical tests and drug and alcohol testing in the workplace. A table that appears at the end of this essay contains a brief description of the advantages and disadvantages of different types of assessment instruments. It may be treated as a summary of the entire booklet, a preview in advance.
Following is the list of topics covered :
1. Mental and physical ability tests,
2. Achievement tests,
3. Bio-data inventories,
4. Employment interviews,
5. Personality inventories,
6. Honesty and integrity measures,
7. Education and experience requirements (including licensing and certification),
8. Recommendations and reference checks,
9. Assessment centers,
10. Medical examinations, and
11. Drug and alcohol tests.
It takes a good deal of knowledge and judgment to properly use assessment tools for effective employment-related decisions. Many assessment tools and procedures require specialized training, education, or experience to administer and interpret correctly. These requirements vary widely, depending on the specific instruments being used. Check with the test publisher or author of the test to determine whether you and your staff meet these requirements. To ensure that test users have the necessary qualifications, some test publishers and distributors require proof of qualifications before they will release certain tests. In case of use of a psychological tests ,not only a formal qualification but also some kind of specialized training and a certification by a specialist psychologist indicating that you have undergone an intensive training in use of a particular test is generally required.
1. Mental and physical ability tests
When properly applied, ability tests are among the most useful and valid tools available for predicting success in jobs and training across a wide variety of occupations. Ability tests are most commonly used for entry-level jobs, and for applicants without professional training or advanced degrees. Mental ability tests are generally used to measure the ability to learn and perform particular job responsibilities.
Examples of some mental abilities are verbal, quantitative, and spatial abilities. Physical ability tests usually encompass abilities such as strength, endurance, and flexibility.
· General ability tests typically measure one or more broad mental abilities, such as verbal, mathematical, abstract and reasoning skills. These skills are fundamental to success in many different kinds of jobs, especially where cognitive activities such as reading, computing, analyzing, or communicating are involved.
· Specific ability tests include measures of distinct physical and mental abilities, such as reaction time, written comprehension, mathematical reasoning, and mechanical ability, that are important for many jobs and occupations. For example, good mechanical ability may be important for success in auto mechanic and engineering jobs; physical endurance may be critical for fire fighting jobs.
· Mental Ability tests Although mental ability tests are valid predictors of performance in many jobs, use of such tests to make employment decisions often results in adverse impact. For example, research suggests that mental abilities tests adversely impact some racial and minority groups or women and older persons.
.
2. Achievement tests
Achievement tests, also known as proficiency tests, are frequently used to measure an individual's current knowledge or skills that are important to a particular job. These tests generally fall into one of the following formats:
1. Knowledge tests involve specific questions to determine how much the individual knows about particular job tasks and responsibilities. Traditionally, they have been administered in a paper-and-pencil format, but computer administration is becoming more and more common. Licensing exams for accountants and psychologists are examples of knowledge tests. Knowledge tests tend to have relatively high validity in most situations.
2. Work-sample or performance tests require the individual to actually demonstrate or perform on one or more job tasks. These tests, by their makeup, generally show a high degree of job-relatedness. For example, an applicant for a machine repairman position for a position of a mechanic may be asked to diagnose the problem with a malfunctioning machine. Test takers generally view these tests as fairer than other types of tests. Use of these tests often results in less adverse impact than mental ability tests and job knowledge tests. However, are expensive to develop and administer.
3. Bio-data inventories
Bio-data inventories are standardized questionnaires that gather job-relevant biographical information, such as amount and type of schooling, job experiences, and hobbies. They are generally used to predict job and training performance, tenure, and turnover. They capitalize on the well-proven notion that past behavior is a good predictor of future behavior.
Some individuals might provide inaccurate information on bio-data inventories to portray themselves as being more qualified or experienced than they really are. Internal consistency checks can be used to detect whether there are discrepancies in the information reported. In addition, reference checks and resumes can be used to verify information. (for detail information on this topic consult one of articles by Daftuar. See suggested reading section at the end of the chapter).
4. Employment interviews
The employment interview is probably the most commonly used assessment tool. The interview can range from being totally unplanned, that is, unstructured, to carefully designed beforehand, that is, completely structured. The most structured interviews have characteristics such as standardized questions, trained interviewers, specific question order, controlled length of time, and a standardized response evaluation format. At the other end of the spectrum, a completely unstructured interview would probably be done "off-the-cuff," with untrained interviewers, random questions, and with no consideration of time. A structured interview that is based on an analysis of the job in question is generally a more valid predictor of job performance than an unstructured interview. An interview may contain both structured and unstructured characteristics.
Regardless of the extent to which the interview is structured or unstructured, the skill of the interviewer can make a difference in the quality of the information gathered. A skillful, trained, interviewer will be able to ask job-relevant follow-up questions to clarify and explore issues brought up during the interview.
It is undesirable to ask questions about medical conditions and disability before a conditional job offer.
It is important to note that inquiries about cast, race, ethnicity, or age generally are not expressly prohibited under the law, but usually serve no credible purpose in an interview unless the post is meant for reserved categories of candidates. These types of questions are also closely scrutinized by organizations, including regulatory agencies, interested in protecting the rights of applicants. This point is particularly useful for government agencies and the public-sector organizations.
5. Personality inventories
In addition to abilities, knowledge, and skills, job success also depends on an individual's personal characteristics. Personality inventories designed for use in employment contexts are used to evaluate such characteristics as motivation, conscientiousness, self-confidence, or how well an employee might get along with fellow workers. Research has shown that, in certain situations, use of personality tests with other assessment instruments can yield helpful predictions.
Some personality inventories determine the psychological attributes of an individual for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. These clinical tools are not specifically designed to measure job-related personality dimensions. These tests are used in only very limited employment situations, primarily with jobs where it is critical to have some idea about an applicant's state of mind, such as in the selection of law enforcement officers or nuclear power plant workers. This distinction between clinical and employment-oriented personality inventories can be confusing. Applicants asked to take personality tests may become concerned even though only employment-oriented personality inventories will be administered.
If a personality inventory or other assessment tool provides information that would lead to identifying a mental disorder or impairment, the tool is considered a medical exam which is permitted only in limited circumstances. It may not serve much use for employment selection. If you wish to eliminate mental cases, this information will be available in general employment – suitable personality tests. Most of them will automatically eliminate mentally sick candidates.
There are some well established psychological tests (like MMPI 2, for example )which have developed separate version for use in employment assessments.
There are a few additional concerns about personality tests. Since there are usually no right or wrong answers to the test items, test takers may provide socially desirable answers. However, sophisticated personality inventories often have "lie-scales" built in, which allow such response patterns to be detected. There is also a general perception that these tests ask personal questions that are only indirectly relevant to job performance. This may raise concern on the part of test takers that such tests are an invasion of privacy. Some of these concerns can be reduced by including personality tests only as one part of a broader assessment program.
6. Honesty and integrity measures
Honesty tests are a specific type of personality test. There has been an increase in the popularity of honesty and integrity measures since the Employee Polygraph Protection Act (1988) of USA prohibited the use of polygraph tests by most private employers. Honesty and integrity measures may be broadly categorized into two types.
· Overt integrity tests gauge involvement in and attitudes toward theft and employee delinquency. Test items typically ask for opinions about frequency and extent of employee theft, leniency or severity of attitudes toward theft, and rationalizations of theft. They also include direct questions about admissions of, or dismissal for, theft or other unlawful activities.
· Personality-based measures typically contain disguised-purpose questions to gauge a number of personality traits. These traits are usually associated with a broad range of counter-productive employees' behaviors, such as insubordination, excessive absenteeism, disciplinary problems, and substance abuse.
All the legitimate concerns and cautions of personality testing apply here. For instance, test takers may raise privacy concerns or question the relevance of these measures to job performance. If you choose to use an honesty test to select people for a particular job, you should document the business necessity of such a test. This would require a detailed job analysis, including an assessment of the consequences of hiring a dishonest individual. Make certain that your staff have the proper training and qualifications to administer and interpret integrity tests.
It is generally recommended that these tests be used only for pre-employment screening. Using the test with present employees could create serious morale problems and apprehensions among the existing employees. Using current employees' poor scores to make employment decisions may have legal repercussions when not substantiated by actual counterproductive behavior.
All honesty and integrity measures have appreciable prediction errors. To minimize prediction errors, do thorough follow up on poor-scoring individuals with re-testing, interviews, or reference checks. In general, integrity measures should not be used as the sole source of information for making employment decisions about individuals.
We have developed a new test to measure integrity. Its reliability has been found to be very high, the validity is also high but its validity for selection purposes is yet to be determined.
7. Education and experience requirements (including licensing and certification)
Most jobs have some kind of education and experience requirements. For example, they may specify that only applicants with college degrees or equivalent training or experience will be considered. Such requirements are more common in technical, professional, and higher-level jobs. Certain licensing, certification, and education requirements are mandated by law, for various positions as in the case of truck drivers ,physicians or labour officer. This is done to verify minimum competence and to protect public safety.
Requirements for experience and education should be job-related. If the requirements you set result in adverse impact, you will have to demonstrate that they are job-related and justified by business necessity. However, in some cases job-relatedness might be difficult to demonstrate. For example, it is difficult to show that exactly 3 years of experience is necessary or demonstrate that a high school degree is required for a particular job and not more or less than that.
8. Recommendations and reference checks
Recommendations and reference checks are often used to verify education, employment, and achievement records already provided by the applicants in some other form, such as during an interview or on a resume or application form. This is primarily done for professional and high-level jobs.
These verification procedures generally do not help separate potentially good workers from poor workers. This is because they almost always result in positive reports. However, use of these measures may serve two important purposes:
1.they provide an incentive to applicants to be more honest with the information they provide
2.they safeguard against potential negligent hiring lawsuits.
9. Assessment centers
In the assessment center approach, candidates are generally assessed with a wide variety of instruments and procedures. These could include interviews, ability and personality measures, and a range of standardized management activities and problem-solving exercises. Typical of these activities and exercises are in-basket tests, leaderless group discussions, and role-play exercises. Assessment centers are most widely used for managerial and high level positions to assess managerial potential, promotebility, problem-solving skills, and decision-making skills.
· In-basket tests ask the candidates to sort through a manager's "in-basket" of letters, memos, directives, and reports describing problems and scenarios. Candidates are asked to examine them, prioritize them, and respond appropriately with memos, action plans, and problem-solving strategies. Trained assessors then evaluate the candidates' responses.
· Leaderless group discussions are group exercises in which a group of candidates is asked to respond to various kinds of problems and scenarios, without a designated group leader. Candidates are evaluated on their behavior in the group discussions. This might include their teamwork skills, their interaction with others, or their leadership skills.
· The role-play exercises require candidates to pretend that they already have the job and must interact with another employee to solve a problem. The other employee is usually a trained assessor. The exercise may involve providing a solution to a problem that the employee presents, or suggesting some course of action regarding a hypothetical situation. Candidates are evaluated on the behavior displayed, solutions provided, or advice given.
Assessors of In-basket exercises must be appropriately trained. Their skills and experience are essential to the quality of the evaluations they provide. Assessment centers apply the whole-person approach to personnel assessment. They can be very good predictors of job performance and behavior when the tests and procedures making up the assessment center are constructed and used appropriately.
It can be costly to set up an assessment center. Large companies may have their own assessment centers; mid-size and smaller firms sometimes send candidates to private consulting firms for evaluation.
10. Medical examinations
Medical examinations are used to determine if a person can safely and adequately perform a specific job. Medical exams may also be part of a procedure for maintaining comprehensive employee health and safety plans. In some limited circumstances, medical exams may be used for evaluating employee requests for reasonable accommodation for disabilities.
· Administering medical exams to job applicants or asking questions related to disability prior to making a job offer is not desirable.
· Once you make a job offer to an applicant, you may require a medical exam, as long as you require the examination of all persons entering the same job category. You may require a medical exam. even if it bears no relevance to job performance. However, if you refuse to hire based on the results of the medical exam, the reasons for refusing to hire must be founded on issues of job-relevance and business necessity.
· A medical exam may disqualify an individual who is deemed to be a direct threat to the health and safety of self or others. The medical board of your company can provide an explanation of what constitutes a direct threat. When an individual is rejected as a direct threat to health and safety, for example:
o the employer must be prepared to show a significant current risk of substantial harm (not a speculative or remote risk)
o the specific risk must be identified
o consideration of the risk must be based on objective medical or other factual evidence regarding the particular individual
o even if a genuine significant risk of substantial harm exists, the employer must consider whether it can be eliminated or reduced below the level of a direct threat by reasonable accommodation.
· Even the Indian armed forces give another chance to get used and reappear in the test. For medical exams or inquiries of current employees, unlike the rules for applicants, these exams or inquiries must be justified based on job relevance and business necessity. The need for a medical exam may arise as a result of some problems with job performance or safety caused by a medical condition or it may be mandated by law for certain job categories.
· Your organization may conduct voluntary medical exams and inquiries of employees as part of an employee health program. Medical records of all applicants and employees must be kept separate from all other personnel information preferably in the company's hospital or health center.
If your organization uses medical information to make personnel decisions, you should develop a written policy on medical testing to ensure compliance with relevant central , state, and local laws.
11. Drug and alcohol tests
An employer may prohibit the use of alcohol and illegal drugs at the workplace and may require that employees not be under the influence of either while on the job. Some commonly reported negative work behaviors and outcomes associated with alcohol and drug abuse are industrial accidents, work-related injuries, excessive absenteeism or tardiness, and workplace violence.
Current use, possession, or distribution of illicit drugs does not qualify as a "disability" under the law except a state like Gujarat where prohibition is in law. You may prohibit the use of such drugs at the workplace, and you may administer drug tests to applicants and employees alike. You may deny employment to an applicant and discipline or discharge an employee currently engaged in illegal drug and alcohol use in the work place. However, you may not discriminate against a former drug addict who has successfully undergone rehabilitation and does not currently use illicit drugs.
If your organization is in the public sector, courts may generally uphold the use of random drug tests only when applied to safety-sensitive positions. Such legal restrictions do not apply if you are a private employer. However, state or local laws and collective bargaining agreements pertaining to drug testing may impose restrictions on your drug testing policy.
Some legal medications or even some foods can produce a positive reading on a drug screening test for an individual who, in fact, has not used illegal drugs. To minimize such errors, it is advisable to have a formal appeals process, and also provisions for retesting with a more sensitive drug test when necessary.
A test for the illegal use of drugs is not considered a medical exam, but a test for alcohol use is. Therefore, you must follow the rules where ever and what ever is applicable on medical exams in deciding whether and when to administer an alcohol test to applicants or employees.
You can, of course, ban the use of drugs and alcoholism in the work place under you own company's rules. Organizations may discipline individuals who violate conduct or performance standards that are related to the job. Organizations also may discharge, or deny employment to individuals whose use of alcohol impairs job performance or compromises safety to the extent that he or she can no longer be considered a "qualified individual with a disability” – or a safe employee.
If your organization uses drug or alcohol tests to make personnel decisions, you should develop a written policy governing such a program to ensure compliance with all relevant rules and laws.
From India, Nizamabad
13This Chapter briefly describes different types of assessment tools and procedures that organizations commonly use to conduct personnel assessment. Included are techniques such as employment interviews and reference checks, as well as various types of professionally developed assessment instruments. It also includes a discussion of the use of medical tests and drug and alcohol testing in the workplace. A table that appears at the end of this essay contains a brief description of the advantages and disadvantages of different types of assessment instruments. It may be treated as a summary of the entire booklet, a preview in advance.
Following is the list of topics covered :
1. Mental and physical ability tests,
2. Achievement tests,
3. Bio-data inventories,
4. Employment interviews,
5. Personality inventories,
6. Honesty and integrity measures,
7. Education and experience requirements (including licensing and certification),
8. Recommendations and reference checks,
9. Assessment centers,
10. Medical examinations, and
11. Drug and alcohol tests.
It takes a good deal of knowledge and judgment to properly use assessment tools for effective employment-related decisions. Many assessment tools and procedures require specialized training, education, or experience to administer and interpret correctly. These requirements vary widely, depending on the specific instruments being used. Check with the test publisher or author of the test to determine whether you and your staff meet these requirements. To ensure that test users have the necessary qualifications, some test publishers and distributors require proof of qualifications before they will release certain tests. In case of use of a psychological tests ,not only a formal qualification but also some kind of specialized training and a certification by a specialist psychologist indicating that you have undergone an intensive training in use of a particular test is generally required.
1. Mental and physical ability tests
When properly applied, ability tests are among the most useful and valid tools available for predicting success in jobs and training across a wide variety of occupations. Ability tests are most commonly used for entry-level jobs, and for applicants without professional training or advanced degrees. Mental ability tests are generally used to measure the ability to learn and perform particular job responsibilities.
Examples of some mental abilities are verbal, quantitative, and spatial abilities. Physical ability tests usually encompass abilities such as strength, endurance, and flexibility.
· General ability tests typically measure one or more broad mental abilities, such as verbal, mathematical, abstract and reasoning skills. These skills are fundamental to success in many different kinds of jobs, especially where cognitive activities such as reading, computing, analyzing, or communicating are involved.
· Specific ability tests include measures of distinct physical and mental abilities, such as reaction time, written comprehension, mathematical reasoning, and mechanical ability, that are important for many jobs and occupations. For example, good mechanical ability may be important for success in auto mechanic and engineering jobs; physical endurance may be critical for fire fighting jobs.
· Mental Ability tests Although mental ability tests are valid predictors of performance in many jobs, use of such tests to make employment decisions often results in adverse impact. For example, research suggests that mental abilities tests adversely impact some racial and minority groups or women and older persons.
.
2. Achievement tests
Achievement tests, also known as proficiency tests, are frequently used to measure an individual's current knowledge or skills that are important to a particular job. These tests generally fall into one of the following formats:
1. Knowledge tests involve specific questions to determine how much the individual knows about particular job tasks and responsibilities. Traditionally, they have been administered in a paper-and-pencil format, but computer administration is becoming more and more common. Licensing exams for accountants and psychologists are examples of knowledge tests. Knowledge tests tend to have relatively high validity in most situations.
2. Work-sample or performance tests require the individual to actually demonstrate or perform on one or more job tasks. These tests, by their makeup, generally show a high degree of job-relatedness. For example, an applicant for a machine repairman position for a position of a mechanic may be asked to diagnose the problem with a malfunctioning machine. Test takers generally view these tests as fairer than other types of tests. Use of these tests often results in less adverse impact than mental ability tests and job knowledge tests. However, are expensive to develop and administer.
3. Bio-data inventories
Bio-data inventories are standardized questionnaires that gather job-relevant biographical information, such as amount and type of schooling, job experiences, and hobbies. They are generally used to predict job and training performance, tenure, and turnover. They capitalize on the well-proven notion that past behavior is a good predictor of future behavior.
Some individuals might provide inaccurate information on bio-data inventories to portray themselves as being more qualified or experienced than they really are. Internal consistency checks can be used to detect whether there are discrepancies in the information reported. In addition, reference checks and resumes can be used to verify information. (for detail information on this topic consult one of articles by Daftuar. See suggested reading section at the end of the chapter).
4. Employment interviews
The employment interview is probably the most commonly used assessment tool. The interview can range from being totally unplanned, that is, unstructured, to carefully designed beforehand, that is, completely structured. The most structured interviews have characteristics such as standardized questions, trained interviewers, specific question order, controlled length of time, and a standardized response evaluation format. At the other end of the spectrum, a completely unstructured interview would probably be done "off-the-cuff," with untrained interviewers, random questions, and with no consideration of time. A structured interview that is based on an analysis of the job in question is generally a more valid predictor of job performance than an unstructured interview. An interview may contain both structured and unstructured characteristics.
Regardless of the extent to which the interview is structured or unstructured, the skill of the interviewer can make a difference in the quality of the information gathered. A skillful, trained, interviewer will be able to ask job-relevant follow-up questions to clarify and explore issues brought up during the interview.
It is undesirable to ask questions about medical conditions and disability before a conditional job offer.
It is important to note that inquiries about cast, race, ethnicity, or age generally are not expressly prohibited under the law, but usually serve no credible purpose in an interview unless the post is meant for reserved categories of candidates. These types of questions are also closely scrutinized by organizations, including regulatory agencies, interested in protecting the rights of applicants. This point is particularly useful for government agencies and the public-sector organizations.
5. Personality inventories
In addition to abilities, knowledge, and skills, job success also depends on an individual's personal characteristics. Personality inventories designed for use in employment contexts are used to evaluate such characteristics as motivation, conscientiousness, self-confidence, or how well an employee might get along with fellow workers. Research has shown that, in certain situations, use of personality tests with other assessment instruments can yield helpful predictions.
Some personality inventories determine the psychological attributes of an individual for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. These clinical tools are not specifically designed to measure job-related personality dimensions. These tests are used in only very limited employment situations, primarily with jobs where it is critical to have some idea about an applicant's state of mind, such as in the selection of law enforcement officers or nuclear power plant workers. This distinction between clinical and employment-oriented personality inventories can be confusing. Applicants asked to take personality tests may become concerned even though only employment-oriented personality inventories will be administered.
If a personality inventory or other assessment tool provides information that would lead to identifying a mental disorder or impairment, the tool is considered a medical exam which is permitted only in limited circumstances. It may not serve much use for employment selection. If you wish to eliminate mental cases, this information will be available in general employment – suitable personality tests. Most of them will automatically eliminate mentally sick candidates.
There are some well established psychological tests (like MMPI 2, for example )which have developed separate version for use in employment assessments.
There are a few additional concerns about personality tests. Since there are usually no right or wrong answers to the test items, test takers may provide socially desirable answers. However, sophisticated personality inventories often have "lie-scales" built in, which allow such response patterns to be detected. There is also a general perception that these tests ask personal questions that are only indirectly relevant to job performance. This may raise concern on the part of test takers that such tests are an invasion of privacy. Some of these concerns can be reduced by including personality tests only as one part of a broader assessment program.
6. Honesty and integrity measures
Honesty tests are a specific type of personality test. There has been an increase in the popularity of honesty and integrity measures since the Employee Polygraph Protection Act (1988) of USA prohibited the use of polygraph tests by most private employers. Honesty and integrity measures may be broadly categorized into two types.
· Overt integrity tests gauge involvement in and attitudes toward theft and employee delinquency. Test items typically ask for opinions about frequency and extent of employee theft, leniency or severity of attitudes toward theft, and rationalizations of theft. They also include direct questions about admissions of, or dismissal for, theft or other unlawful activities.
· Personality-based measures typically contain disguised-purpose questions to gauge a number of personality traits. These traits are usually associated with a broad range of counter-productive employees' behaviors, such as insubordination, excessive absenteeism, disciplinary problems, and substance abuse.
All the legitimate concerns and cautions of personality testing apply here. For instance, test takers may raise privacy concerns or question the relevance of these measures to job performance. If you choose to use an honesty test to select people for a particular job, you should document the business necessity of such a test. This would require a detailed job analysis, including an assessment of the consequences of hiring a dishonest individual. Make certain that your staff have the proper training and qualifications to administer and interpret integrity tests.
It is generally recommended that these tests be used only for pre-employment screening. Using the test with present employees could create serious morale problems and apprehensions among the existing employees. Using current employees' poor scores to make employment decisions may have legal repercussions when not substantiated by actual counterproductive behavior.
All honesty and integrity measures have appreciable prediction errors. To minimize prediction errors, do thorough follow up on poor-scoring individuals with re-testing, interviews, or reference checks. In general, integrity measures should not be used as the sole source of information for making employment decisions about individuals.
We have developed a new test to measure integrity. Its reliability has been found to be very high, the validity is also high but its validity for selection purposes is yet to be determined.
7. Education and experience requirements (including licensing and certification)
Most jobs have some kind of education and experience requirements. For example, they may specify that only applicants with college degrees or equivalent training or experience will be considered. Such requirements are more common in technical, professional, and higher-level jobs. Certain licensing, certification, and education requirements are mandated by law, for various positions as in the case of truck drivers ,physicians or labour officer. This is done to verify minimum competence and to protect public safety.
Requirements for experience and education should be job-related. If the requirements you set result in adverse impact, you will have to demonstrate that they are job-related and justified by business necessity. However, in some cases job-relatedness might be difficult to demonstrate. For example, it is difficult to show that exactly 3 years of experience is necessary or demonstrate that a high school degree is required for a particular job and not more or less than that.
8. Recommendations and reference checks
Recommendations and reference checks are often used to verify education, employment, and achievement records already provided by the applicants in some other form, such as during an interview or on a resume or application form. This is primarily done for professional and high-level jobs.
These verification procedures generally do not help separate potentially good workers from poor workers. This is because they almost always result in positive reports. However, use of these measures may serve two important purposes:
1.they provide an incentive to applicants to be more honest with the information they provide
2.they safeguard against potential negligent hiring lawsuits.
9. Assessment centers
In the assessment center approach, candidates are generally assessed with a wide variety of instruments and procedures. These could include interviews, ability and personality measures, and a range of standardized management activities and problem-solving exercises. Typical of these activities and exercises are in-basket tests, leaderless group discussions, and role-play exercises. Assessment centers are most widely used for managerial and high level positions to assess managerial potential, promotebility, problem-solving skills, and decision-making skills.
· In-basket tests ask the candidates to sort through a manager's "in-basket" of letters, memos, directives, and reports describing problems and scenarios. Candidates are asked to examine them, prioritize them, and respond appropriately with memos, action plans, and problem-solving strategies. Trained assessors then evaluate the candidates' responses.
· Leaderless group discussions are group exercises in which a group of candidates is asked to respond to various kinds of problems and scenarios, without a designated group leader. Candidates are evaluated on their behavior in the group discussions. This might include their teamwork skills, their interaction with others, or their leadership skills.
· The role-play exercises require candidates to pretend that they already have the job and must interact with another employee to solve a problem. The other employee is usually a trained assessor. The exercise may involve providing a solution to a problem that the employee presents, or suggesting some course of action regarding a hypothetical situation. Candidates are evaluated on the behavior displayed, solutions provided, or advice given.
Assessors of In-basket exercises must be appropriately trained. Their skills and experience are essential to the quality of the evaluations they provide. Assessment centers apply the whole-person approach to personnel assessment. They can be very good predictors of job performance and behavior when the tests and procedures making up the assessment center are constructed and used appropriately.
It can be costly to set up an assessment center. Large companies may have their own assessment centers; mid-size and smaller firms sometimes send candidates to private consulting firms for evaluation.
10. Medical examinations
Medical examinations are used to determine if a person can safely and adequately perform a specific job. Medical exams may also be part of a procedure for maintaining comprehensive employee health and safety plans. In some limited circumstances, medical exams may be used for evaluating employee requests for reasonable accommodation for disabilities.
· Administering medical exams to job applicants or asking questions related to disability prior to making a job offer is not desirable.
· Once you make a job offer to an applicant, you may require a medical exam, as long as you require the examination of all persons entering the same job category. You may require a medical exam. even if it bears no relevance to job performance. However, if you refuse to hire based on the results of the medical exam, the reasons for refusing to hire must be founded on issues of job-relevance and business necessity.
· A medical exam may disqualify an individual who is deemed to be a direct threat to the health and safety of self or others. The medical board of your company can provide an explanation of what constitutes a direct threat. When an individual is rejected as a direct threat to health and safety, for example:
o the employer must be prepared to show a significant current risk of substantial harm (not a speculative or remote risk)
o the specific risk must be identified
o consideration of the risk must be based on objective medical or other factual evidence regarding the particular individual
o even if a genuine significant risk of substantial harm exists, the employer must consider whether it can be eliminated or reduced below the level of a direct threat by reasonable accommodation.
· Even the Indian armed forces give another chance to get used and reappear in the test. For medical exams or inquiries of current employees, unlike the rules for applicants, these exams or inquiries must be justified based on job relevance and business necessity. The need for a medical exam may arise as a result of some problems with job performance or safety caused by a medical condition or it may be mandated by law for certain job categories.
· Your organization may conduct voluntary medical exams and inquiries of employees as part of an employee health program. Medical records of all applicants and employees must be kept separate from all other personnel information preferably in the company's hospital or health center.
If your organization uses medical information to make personnel decisions, you should develop a written policy on medical testing to ensure compliance with relevant central , state, and local laws.
11. Drug and alcohol tests
An employer may prohibit the use of alcohol and illegal drugs at the workplace and may require that employees not be under the influence of either while on the job. Some commonly reported negative work behaviors and outcomes associated with alcohol and drug abuse are industrial accidents, work-related injuries, excessive absenteeism or tardiness, and workplace violence.
Current use, possession, or distribution of illicit drugs does not qualify as a "disability" under the law except a state like Gujarat where prohibition is in law. You may prohibit the use of such drugs at the workplace, and you may administer drug tests to applicants and employees alike. You may deny employment to an applicant and discipline or discharge an employee currently engaged in illegal drug and alcohol use in the work place. However, you may not discriminate against a former drug addict who has successfully undergone rehabilitation and does not currently use illicit drugs.
If your organization is in the public sector, courts may generally uphold the use of random drug tests only when applied to safety-sensitive positions. Such legal restrictions do not apply if you are a private employer. However, state or local laws and collective bargaining agreements pertaining to drug testing may impose restrictions on your drug testing policy.
Some legal medications or even some foods can produce a positive reading on a drug screening test for an individual who, in fact, has not used illegal drugs. To minimize such errors, it is advisable to have a formal appeals process, and also provisions for retesting with a more sensitive drug test when necessary.
A test for the illegal use of drugs is not considered a medical exam, but a test for alcohol use is. Therefore, you must follow the rules where ever and what ever is applicable on medical exams in deciding whether and when to administer an alcohol test to applicants or employees.
You can, of course, ban the use of drugs and alcoholism in the work place under you own company's rules. Organizations may discipline individuals who violate conduct or performance standards that are related to the job. Organizations also may discharge, or deny employment to individuals whose use of alcohol impairs job performance or compromises safety to the extent that he or she can no longer be considered a "qualified individual with a disability” – or a safe employee.
If your organization uses drug or alcohol tests to make personnel decisions, you should develop a written policy governing such a program to ensure compliance with all relevant rules and laws.
From India, Nizamabad
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